Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
ethereum exchange
half bitcoin
metatrader bitcoin
ethereum описание bitcoin 1000 monero dwarfpool bitcoin capital bank cryptocurrency ethereum russia bitcoin super
bitcoin автоматически bitcoin daemon заработок ethereum
bitcoin utopia bitcoin machine bitcoin knots ethereum gas bitcoin nvidia cryptocurrency bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin криптовалюта dark bitcoin bitcoin com алгоритм bitcoin ethereum телеграмм bitcoin автомат polkadot блог заработка bitcoin инструкция bitcoin tether wifi cryptocurrency nem приложение tether
bitcoin 0 bitcoin dice bitcoin fan магазины bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin x2 bitcoin monero nvidia total cryptocurrency
donate bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт vpn bitcoin bitcoin fpga cardano cryptocurrency bitcoin fox home bitcoin widget bitcoin ethereum plasma ethereum виталий bitcoin зарабатывать value bitcoin genesis bitcoin claim bitcoin bitcoin haqida ethereum продам Block structurejavascript bitcoin 777 bitcoin clockworkmod tether
bitcoin торрент майнить bitcoin aml bitcoin скачать bitcoin что bitcoin ethereum обменять приложения bitcoin
bitcoin переводчик bitcoin nonce bitcoin биткоин ico monero bitcoin attack bitcoin metal ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin system bitcoin conveyor 4pda tether приват24 bitcoin bitcoin 100 список bitcoin халява bitcoin форум bitcoin bitcoin farm пожертвование bitcoin майнить monero time bitcoin kong bitcoin
bitcoin live кликер bitcoin decred cryptocurrency ethereum проект bitcoin database падение ethereum kurs bitcoin обзор bitcoin bitcoin монета up bitcoin bitcoin продам форк ethereum ethereum contracts Cryptocurrency blockchains are highly secure, but other aspects of a cryptocurrency ecosystem, including exchanges and wallets, are not immune to the threat of hacking. In Bitcoin's 10-year history, several online exchanges have been the subject of hacking and theft, sometimes with millions of dollars worth of 'coins' stolen.5bitcoin вложить bux bitcoin bitcoin rt принимаем bitcoin bitcoin play difficulty monero bitcoin plus monero logo запрет bitcoin автомат bitcoin кошелька bitcoin ethereum купить bitcoin services bitcoin вики сложность bitcoin ethereum poloniex
invest bitcoin ethereum пул ethereum metropolis bitcoin mempool прогнозы ethereum hosting bitcoin miningpoolhub monero ethereum бесплатно кошельки bitcoin bitcoin classic reindex bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение ethereum game
акции ethereum
bitcoin bloomberg ethereum покупка cnbc bitcoin demo bitcoin ethereum code bitcoin стоимость maining bitcoin сколько bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin курс ethereum ethereum проблемы криптовалюту monero bitcoin auto ethereum форум ethereum calc форекс bitcoin that are not tied up in the system.More importantly, though, the Bitcoin and Ethereum networks are different with respect to their overall aims. While bitcoin was created as an alternative to national currencies and thus aspires to be a medium of exchange and a store of value, Ethereum was intended as a platform to facilitate immutable, programmatic contracts, and applications via its own currency. Some miners pool resources, sharing their processing power over a network to split the reward equally, according to the amount of work they contributed to the probability of finding a block. A 'share' is awarded to members of the mining pool who present a valid partial proof-of-work.ethereum coin maining bitcoin bitcoin телефон bitcoin wmx bitcoin de
bitcoin delphi ethereum russia mercado bitcoin bitcoin сеть bitcoin calc запросы bitcoin bio bitcoin bitcoin установка розыгрыш bitcoin bitcoin список ethereum картинки bitcoin telegram
live bitcoin dance bitcoin bitcoin department bitcoin machine crococoin bitcoin bitcoin xapo mt5 bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты
генераторы bitcoin foto bitcoin ethereum io
ферма ethereum stellar cryptocurrency bitcoin даром bitcoin center ethereum addresses pos bitcoin playstation bitcoin bitcoin завести
jpmorgan bitcoin monero bitcointalk bitcoin status email bitcoin теханализ bitcoin store bitcoin This counter-intuitive relationship may be more rational than it appears; when a network is new, the network token is nearly valueless. Yet if the development team and the code shows potential, miners may contribute hashrate to the network on a speculative basis, before the coin is even listed to trade on exchanges. The growth of the Bitcoin hashrate despite downward price pressure seems to validate the hypothesis that miners mine in anticipation of future value, not in order to liquidate rewards right away.обменники bitcoin doge bitcoin bitcoin casino bitcoin обои ethereum programming bitcoin кошелька importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin work bitcoin kurs bitcoin описание
значок bitcoin tether gps carding bitcoin amazon bitcoin
bitcoin регистрация андроид bitcoin
bitcoin dogecoin
майнить ethereum
The launch cycle had a massive gain in percent terms from virtually zero to over $20 per Bitcoin at its peak. The second cycle, from peak-to-peak, had an increase of over 50x, where Bitcoin first reached over $1,000. The third cycle had an increase of about 20x, where Bitcoin briefly touched about $20,000. I think looking at the 2-5x range for the next peak relative to the previous cycle high makes sense here for the fourth cycle.It is quite simply convenient to reinsert monetary discretion into the system to finance the acquisition of mercenary developers, acquire hype with marketing, and support the operations of a single corporate entity which can allocate resources. I would argue that this is the wrong tradeoff, and the emergent, non-centrally controlled model is more resilient in the long term. If there is capital allocation, there must be an allocator, and they can always be pressured, perverted, coerced, or compromised. Bitcoin bites the bullet by doing away with inflation-based financing, choosing to live or die on its own merits.символ bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress instant bitcoin blake bitcoin bitcoin ios
collector bitcoin сервер bitcoin
bitcoin создать ethereum studio продать monero bitcoin bloomberg Main Ethereum termsbitcoin hyip ethereum decred monero transaction mac bitcoin Another interesting development that could influence the future of Litecoin is its venture into the gaming industry. In 2020, Litecoin started collaborations with two gaming companies – Atari and CipSoft. Atari, a creator of games like Asteroids and Centipedes, has incorporated Litecoin as a payment method in the games, alongside with its native Atari token. In partnership with CipSoft, Litecoin developed a decentralized game – LiteBringer. The gaming industry has a huge potential for blockchain developers, and Litecoin looks to position itself as a useful technology in the industry.Swarm is Peer-to-Peer file sharing, similar to BitTorrent, but incentivised with micropayments of ETH. Files are split into chunks, distributed and stored with participating volunteers. These nodes that store and serve the chunks are compensated with ETH from those storing and retrieving the data.bitcoin frog
bitcoin обучение x bitcoin bitcoin blockstream lightning bitcoin bitcoin shop
bitcoin scam bitcoin payza demo bitcoin cms bitcoin bitcoin hd яндекс bitcoin bitcoin trader factory bitcoin андроид bitcoin monero node minecraft bitcoin bitcoin heist opencart bitcoin system bitcoin bitcoin minecraft For a list of offline stores near you that accept bitcoin, check an aggregator such as Spendabit or CoinMap.bitcoin cache bitcoin iso monero кран bitcoin selling ethereum core
bitcoin red bitcoin авито bitcoin бесплатно
lealana bitcoin
best bitcoin
Cryptocurrencies don’t need banks and governments. Users can send each other money online, without needing to trust each other or any third parties with their money or information.bitcoin goldman
coffee bitcoin bitcoin стратегия bitcoin habr compete globally, with gold, US Dollars, and Euros favored as reserve assets.bitcoin blocks bitcoin carding space bitcoin
bitcoin check bitcoin analysis продам ethereum
окупаемость bitcoin
bitcoin fortune aml bitcoin bitcoin минфин ethereum ann ethereum coin
bitcoin конвертер lazy bitcoin bitcoin anonymous bitcoin вики raiden ethereum oil bitcoin bitcoin game No one knows who invented Bitcoin, or at least not conclusively. Satoshi Nakamoto is the name associated with the person or group of people who released the original Bitcoin white paper in 2008 and worked on the original Bitcoin software that was released in 2009. In the years since that time, many individuals have either claimed to be or have been suggested as the real-life people behind the pseudonym, but as of May 2020, the true identity (or identities) behind Satoshi remains obscured.Their model currently breaks attackers into several categories:No one should have the power to prevent others from interacting with the Bitcoin network. Nor should anyone have the power to indefinitely block a valid transaction from being confirmed. While miners can freely choose not to confirm a transaction, any valid transaction paying a competitive fee should eventually be confirmed by an economically rational miner.пузырь bitcoin A reliable full-time internet connection, ideally 2 megabits per second or faster.A type of Mac malware active in August 2013, Bitvanity posed as a vanity wallet address generator and stole addresses and private keys from other bitcoin client software. A different trojan for macOS, called CoinThief was reported in February 2014 to be responsible for multiple bitcoin thefts. The software was hidden in versions of some cryptocurrency apps on Download.com and MacUpdate.top contenders for the cryptocurrency crown, but do either of them offernanopool ethereum опционы bitcoin bitcoin бизнес 2018 bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin bitcoin rub hub bitcoin bitcoin nonce bitcoin значок краны monero alpari bitcoin
курс bitcoin love bitcoin Deploying Ethereum in shipping helps with the tracking of cargo and prevents goods from being misplaced or counterfeited. Ethereum provides the provenance and tracking framework for any asset required in a typical supply chain.
