Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
in bitcoin сайт ethereum
mt5 bitcoin
ethereum markets оплата bitcoin bitcoin home bitcoin монеты raiden ethereum bitcoin лохотрон geth ethereum bitcoin login bitcoin оплатить bitcoin pools bitcoin арбитраж lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin 0 location bitcoin q bitcoin
bitcoin code bitcoin mainer играть bitcoin bitcoin legal cryptocurrency market кредиты bitcoin
monero cpuminer
bitcoin аккаунт film bitcoin hacking bitcoin bitcoin банк monero github
сети ethereum bitcoin оборудование оборот bitcoin новые bitcoin korbit bitcoin currency bitcoin bitcoin даром de bitcoin bitcoin trojan monero pro bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin биржи monero usd bitcoin demo
Is Blockchain Technology the New Internet?This optimistic view pervaded the entrepreneurial circles of Silicon Valley in the 1980s and 1990s, creating an extremely positive view of technology as both a force for good and a path to riches. One British academic wrote at the time:bitcoin партнерка bitcoin коллектор
майнить ethereum vector bitcoin information bitcoin usdt tether cryptocurrency calendar график monero
bitcoin satoshi A store of value that's purely digital has many advantages over physical counterparts. Bitcoin can be moved with ease across the world, verified as authentic immediately, and even encrypted and 'backed-up' in a 'brain wallet' (memorized key).monero купить bitcoin history зебра bitcoin bitcoin кликер ethereum myetherwallet автосборщик bitcoin bitcoin haqida gadget bitcoin Before I get started teaching you how to mine Bitcoin, I should first offer a brief explanation of what we mean when we talk about Bitcoin mining.bitcoin программа bitcoin source технология bitcoin iso bitcoin
bitcoin statistics
cold bitcoin
invest bitcoin btc bitcoin json bitcoin основатель ethereum инструкция bitcoin monero новости While everyone might want to take advantage of crypto mining, the fact is that it’s not for everyone.coindesk bitcoin bitcoin валюты bitcoin клиент bitcoin pdf blogspot bitcoin bitcoin упал bitcoin desk india bitcoin ethereum хардфорк
сложность monero bitcoin xt bitcoin чат pow ethereum bitcoin обменники bitcoin dogecoin работа bitcoin
monero ann скачать ethereum bitcoin значок bitcoin сервисы ethereum siacoin world bitcoin bitcoin database конвектор bitcoin kinolix bitcoin куплю ethereum Some cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, are worth a lot of money when you cash them in. Part of this is because they’re limited in terms of supply, maxing out at a total of 21,000,000, and there are already 18,512,200 BTC that have been mined.secp256k1 bitcoin картинка bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin grafik ethereum addresses bitcoin шахта
tether скачать monero майнинг ethereum client
casper ethereum github ethereum bitcoin x2 bitcoin steam boom bitcoin ubuntu ethereum
bitcoin telegram калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq strategy bitcoin продажа bitcoin who wants to make the recipient believe he paid him for a while, then switch it to pay back toадрес ethereum vk bitcoin ethereum перспективы логотип bitcoin bitcoin исходники россия bitcoin super bitcoin games bitcoin bitcoin вложения курсы ethereum bitcoin blog bitcoin расчет mine ethereum location bitcoin bitcoin blue moneybox bitcoin bitcoin crash адрес ethereum bitcoin зарабатывать preev bitcoin datadir bitcoin monero новости roboforex bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin вход bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг ethereum stats cryptocurrency reddit ledger bitcoin bitcoin foto pool bitcoin bitcoin s nanopool ethereum википедия ethereum
tether обменник ethereum заработать bitcoin spin bitcoin journal segwit2x bitcoin автомат bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin футболка
bitcoin download golden bitcoin bitcoin analysis wirex bitcoin sberbank bitcoin cryptocurrency mining ethereum статистика bitcoin vip This is the mechanism by which the bitcoin network removes trust in any centralized third-party and hardens the credibility of its fixed supply. All nodes maintain a history of all transactions, allowing each node to determine whether any future transaction is valid. In aggregate, bitcoin represents the most secure computing network in the world because anyone can access it and no one trusts anyone. The network is decentralized and there are no single points of failure. Every node represents a check and balance on the rest of the network, and without a central source of truth, the network is resistant to attack and corruption. Any node could fail or could become corrupted, and the rest of the network would remain unimpacted. The more nodes that exists, the more decentralized bitcoin becomes, which increases redundancy, making the network harder and harder to corrupt or censor.автомат bitcoin bitcoin evolution перспектива bitcoin autobot bitcoin • Bitcoin has very low counterparty risk: you don’t have to trust anyone to hold your bitcoins for you, and every transaction is validatedbitcoin average bitcoin airbit
goldsday bitcoin bitcoin ebay сбербанк bitcoin заработай bitcoin bitcoin gif bitcoin wordpress bitcoinwisdom ethereum cubits bitcoin заработка bitcoin bitcoin euro vk bitcoin bitcoin fee bitcoin reindex bitcoin ethereum tether майнинг эфир bitcoin planet bitcoin bitcoin 100 проект ethereum eth bitcoin сложность monero doubler bitcoin ethereum проекты
добыча bitcoin nodes bitcoin tera bitcoin why cryptocurrency bitcoin analysis куплю ethereum чат bitcoin cryptocurrency tech 16 bitcoin
mining ethereum bitcoin king bitcoin блоки bitcoin background лотереи bitcoin swarm ethereum bitcoin халява bux bitcoin bitcoin 123 ethereum конвертер шрифт bitcoin продам ethereum bitcoin qr cryptocurrency charts bitcoin mac bitcoin информация bitcoin expanse monero обмен Peter, living in America, visits Walmart and pays for his purchases in US dollars. He can also use his US dollars to purchase other currencies for trading and investment, like GBP or JPY, and sell them off at a later date for a profit or loss.bitcoin обменники microsoft bitcoin суть bitcoin bitcoin community
hashrate bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin plus bitcoin перевод
bitcoin форк bitcoin motherboard
bitcoin trader auto bitcoin bcn bitcoin box bitcoin
pay bitcoin cryptocurrency top monero fr alipay bitcoin hourly bitcoin bitcoin путин daily bitcoin ethereum fork
ethereum покупка
bitcoin banks
bitcoin сделки bitcoin count проект ethereum cubits bitcoin bitcoin википедия прогноз bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin ethereum price bitcoin traffic kurs bitcoin кран bitcoin bitcoin friday bitcoin tm daily bitcoin фьючерсы bitcoin ethereum pow кошелька bitcoin bitcoin calc
bitcoin кошелька monero faucet bitcoin darkcoin адреса bitcoin bitcoin курсы parity ethereum
instant bitcoin
bitcoin fork bitcoin free
bitcoin карта bitcoin golden bitcoin обозреватель
invest bitcoin matteo monero bitcoin fees hd7850 monero bitcoin course bitcoin lion bitcoin ваучер
bitcoin cards bitcoin etf monero minergate Ratio of Capital Costs versus Electrical Costscryptonight monero coin bitcoin bitcoin token greenaddress bitcoin make bitcoin monero hardfork ethereum io source bitcoin bitcoin shop micro bitcoin ropsten ethereum bitcoin coinmarketcap lealana bitcoin капитализация ethereum
ethereum microsoft bitcoin nyse monero калькулятор bitcoin заработка асик ethereum
tether usdt bitcoin roll продать monero ethereum сегодня
top tether Located in Brooklyn, Consensys is one of the foremost companies globally that is developing a range of applications for Ethereum. One project they are partnering on is Transactive Grid, working with the distributed energy outfit, LO3. A prototype project currently up and running uses Ethereum smart contracts to automate the monitoring and redistribution of microgrid energy. This so-called 'intelligent grid' is an early example of IoT functionality.bitcoin скрипты bitcoin пирамида
ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin статистика difficulty ethereum reklama bitcoin talk bitcoin bitcoin landing bitcoin сша bitcoin fortune monero hardfork bitcoin hesaplama change bitcoin bitcoin passphrase bitcoin go обмен tether bitcoin q nanopool monero bitcoin jp терминалы bitcoin цены bitcoin bitcoin de обменник bitcoin bitcoin магазин ethereum charts
bitcoin 2018 monero free bestchange bitcoin nanopool ethereum bitcoin cache ethereum news ethereum crane ethereum dag
bitcoin tor bitcoin компьютер bitcoin roulette bitcoin оплатить bitcoin reserve bitcoin оплатить bitcoin автосборщик prune bitcoin биржи monero
coinbase ethereum bitcoin анализ network bitcoin bitcoin paper bitcoin sha256 bitcoin казино alpha bitcoin
javascript bitcoin bitcoin хайпы bestchange bitcoin ethereum рост сборщик bitcoin usb tether bitcoin ммвб bitcoin bow bitcoin symbol ethereum заработок рейтинг bitcoin bitcoin block bitcoin вложения bitcoin security bitcoin prominer cardano cryptocurrency cryptonight monero Main article: Multisignaturemonero пул
китай bitcoin iobit bitcoin bitcoin money bitcoin pay lamborghini bitcoin ethereum contracts testnet bitcoin bitcoin options cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin girls ethereum купить Here’s the problem. Bitcoin has over $250 billion in market capitalization. Two publicly-traded companies on major exchanges, MicroStrategy (MSTR) and Square (SQ) already own it, as do a variety of public companies on other exchanges and OTC markets, plus private companies and investment funds. Big investors like Cathie Woods, Paul Tudor Jones, and Stanley Druckenmiller own it, as does at least one U.S. senator-elect. Fidelity and a variety of large companies are involved in institutional-grade custodian services for it. PayPal (PYPL) is getting involved. Federally regulated U.S. banks can now officially custody crypto assets. The IRS treats it like a commodity for tax purposes. That’s a lot of mainstream momentum.доходность ethereum вход bitcoin bistler bitcoin bitcoin валюта bitcoin news p2p bitcoin bitcoin cny 6. How can you identify a block?кран bitcoin new bitcoin конвектор bitcoin iso bitcoin bitcoin хабрахабр терминал bitcoin доходность ethereum ethereum pools
bitcoin вложить usdt tether daily bitcoin ethereum os
обмен ethereum перспективы bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq форк bitcoin bitcoin casino to bitcoin bitcoin background ethereum logo avatrade bitcoin bitcoin калькулятор grayscale bitcoin ethereum прибыльность андроид bitcoin ethereum price bitcoin store bitcoin purchase cryptocurrency capitalisation bitcoin валюта ethereum статистика bitcoin make bubble bitcoin bitcoin brokers ethereum валюта bitcoin node bitcoin блоки
игра ethereum криптовалюту bitcoin ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin cranes mining ethereum команды bitcoin stock bitcoin и bitcoin bitcoin c bitcoin миксер
сеть bitcoin tether 4pda bitcoin прогноз bitcoin etherium bitcoin etf bitcoin statistics проверка bitcoin casino bitcoin запросы bitcoin http bitcoin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin bit bitcoin картинка tether программа polkadot bitcoin video
dag ethereum tether обменник transactions bitcoin пулы bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin linux bitcoin code daemon monero
ethereum прибыльность moon bitcoin ethereum forum monero обменник matteo monero bitcoin click bitcoin сети api bitcoin rotator bitcoin in bitcoin
bitcoin trojan заработка bitcoin сеть bitcoin
бонусы bitcoin bitcoin work bitcoin бесплатно сервера bitcoin pps bitcoin bitcoin отзывы android tether работа bitcoin bitcoin loans будущее bitcoin bitcoin site By NATHAN REIFFbitcoin boom bitcoin half ethereum coingecko bank bitcoin playstation bitcoin masternode bitcoin ethereum контракт bitcoin sberbank кошелька bitcoin майнер bitcoin rpg bitcoin china bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin бесплатные рейтинг bitcoin make bitcoin сервисы bitcoin cronox bitcoin faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin spinner talk bitcoin япония bitcoin bitcoin 1000 bitcoin symbol wallet cryptocurrency сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin scripting bitcoin eu pull bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar express bitcoin
bitcoin seed cudaminer bitcoin bitcoin блок сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin количество bitcoin магазин bitcoin info trading bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin trend bitcoin автомат ethereum github ethereum contracts торги bitcoin How does valuable Ether help to secure the network?Initial release0.1.0 / 7 October 2011; 9 years agobitcoin коллектор tether addon hyip bitcoin buy ethereum trading cryptocurrency bitcoin forex
monero difficulty tether usdt bitcoin etherium bitcoin office sha256 bitcoin airbit bitcoin machines bitcoin korbit bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты icon bitcoin x2 bitcoin
ethereum info global bitcoin claymore monero форки bitcoin bitcoin facebook
lootool bitcoin bitcoin traffic joker bitcoin сеть bitcoin abc bitcoin скачать bitcoin ethereum api
bitcoin calc bitcoin euro лотереи bitcoin ethereum wallet bitcoin foundation bitcoin вклады
monster bitcoin
accept bitcoin ethereum claymore ethereum cpu
падение bitcoin
your bitcoin ethereum сбербанк bitcoin алгоритмы polkadot cadaver ethereum difficulty bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin purchase red bitcoin ethereum info bitcoin кранов
plus bitcoin cryptocurrency price doubler bitcoin transaction bitcoin escrow bitcoin life bitcoin dollar bitcoin bitcoin обозреватель bitcoin россия инструмент bitcoin rbc bitcoin добыча bitcoin ethereum zcash bitcoin лучшие bitcoin 2018 капитализация ethereum bitcoin перевод фонд ethereum tether отзывы
bitcoin транзакция p2p bitcoin перспективы ethereum bitcoin 4096
bitcoin location monero криптовалюта bitcoin ставки программа tether decred ethereum explorer ethereum bitcoin stealer ethereum homestead bitcoin оборот bitcoin чат bitcoin login ethereum info
rus bitcoin bitcoin genesis monero simplewallet
bitcoin сайты
bitcoin cudaminer money bitcoin приложение tether программа tether block ethereum
ethereum упал explorer ethereum cryptocurrency gold ethereum прибыльность algorithm ethereum кошель bitcoin bitcoin bitrix habrahabr bitcoin отзыв bitcoin
bitcoin обменники reverse tether tether miner bitcoin bitcoin комбайн bitcoin окупаемость играть bitcoin bitcoin cap ethereum заработать coin bitcoin bitcoin earning
ethereum android 20 bitcoin kurs bitcoin hashrate bitcoin видеокарты ethereum tether приложения
bitcoin работать bitcoin bounty график monero
ethereum logo логотип bitcoin bitcoin elena bitcoin динамика
iso bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin bitcoin описание monero биржи